Scientific American, August 2006K. Anders Ericson of Florida state University argues that what matters is not experience per se but effortful study, which entails continually tackling challenges that lie just beyond ones competence. That is why it is posible for enthusiasts to spend tens of thousands of hours playing ches ir golf or a musical instrument without ever advancing beyond the amateur level and why a properly trained student can overtake them in a relatively short time.Even the novice engages in effortful study at first, which is why beginners so often improve rapidly in playing golf, say, or in driving a car. But having reached an acceptable performance - for instance, keeping up with ones golf buddies or pasing a drivers exam - most people relax. Their performance then becomes automatic and therefore impervious to further improvement. In contrast, experts-in-training keep the lid of their mind;s box open all the time, so that they can inspect, criticize and augment its contents and thereby approach the standard set by leaders in their fields.

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